Modelling of energy transition as an optimization problem: is it possible to achieve energy transition in France without renewable energy research?

Open Access

Fig. 3

Energy mix of France following the scenario A over 100 years, varying limitation of factory productivity M_max, from 1 × 10⁷ (upper) to 1.5 × 10⁷ (lower) panels per year. Fossil fuel production (in orange), PV production (in yellow) and grid energy demand (dashed black line). Transition date t_transition (in green) pinpoints when a 100% PV energy mix is reached.

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